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Jyotisha (or Jyotish from Sanskrit ', from ' "light, heavenly body") is the traditional Hindu system of astrology, also known as Hindu astrology, Indian astrology, and more recently Vedic astrology. The term ''Hindu astrology'' has been in use as the English equivalent of ''Jyotiṣa'' since the early 19th century, whereas ''Vedic astrology'' is a relatively recent term, entering common usage in the 1980s with self-help publications on Āyurveda or Yoga. ''Vedanga Jyotisha'' is one of the earliest texts about astronomy within the Vedas.〔〕 However, historical documentation shows that horoscopic astrology in the Indian subcontinent came from Hellenistic influences, post-dating the Vedic period.〔Pingree(1981), p.67ff, 81ff, 101ff〕 Jyotisha has been divided into three main branches:〔' BPHS 1.2〕 * ''Siddhānta'': Indian astronomy, calculating the position of the planets and other heavenly bodies. Hindu calendar (Pānchānga) is created from that calculation. 'Siddhāntā Sirómāni' and 'Sūryā Śiddhāntā' are two main books on Hindu astronomy. According to this theory, the earth is motionless and it is not considered as a planet. Seven planets (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn) revolve around the earth. * ''Samhitā'': Mundane astrology, predicting important events related to countries such as war, earthquakes, political events, financial positions, house and construction related matters (Vāstu Śāstra), animals, portents, omens, and so on. It is also concerned with the calculation of Sūbhā Mūhūrtā for Brātā, pārbā and Sānskārā. * ''Horā'' or 'Jātakā': Predictive astrology where the astrologer makes predicions about future events in a person's life based on a birth chart (Jānmā kūndāli) which records the exact time of birth and the positions of the planets at the time. Following a judgement of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in 2001, which favoured astrology, some Indian universities offer advanced degrees in Hindu astrology. Astrology is rejected by the scientific community as pseudoscience. ==History== Jyotiṣa is one of the Vedāṅga, the six auxiliary disciplines used to support Vedic rituals.〔Flood, Gavin. Yano, Michio. 2003. ''The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism.'' Malden: Blackwell.〕 Early jyotiṣa is concerned with the preparation of a calendar to fix the date of sacrificial rituals.〔 Nothing is written on planets.〔 There are mentions of eclipse causing "demons" in the Atharvaveda and Chāndogya Upaniṣad, the Chāndogya mentioning Rāhu.〔 In fact the term graha, which is now taken to mean planet, originally meant demon.〔 The Ṛgveda also mentions an eclipse causing demon, Svarbhānu, however the specific term of "graha" becomes applied to Svarbhānu in the later Mahābhārata and Rāmāyaṇa.〔 The foundation of Hindu astrology is the notion of bandhu of the Vedas, (scriptures), which is the connection between the microcosm and the macrocosm. Practice relies primarily on the sidereal zodiac, which is different from the tropical zodiac used in Western (Hellenistic) astrology in that an ''ayanāṁśa'' adjustment is made for the gradual precession of the vernal equinox. Hindu astrology includes several nuanced sub-systems of interpretation and prediction with elements not found in Hellenistic astrology, such as its system of lunar mansions (''Nakṣatra''). It was only after the transmission of Hellenistic astrology that the order of planets in India was fixed in that of the seven-day week.〔〔Flood, p.(382 )〕 Hellenistic astrology and astronomy also transmitted the twelve zodiacal signs beginning with Aries and the twelve astrological places beginning with the ascendant.〔 The first evidence of the introduction of Greek astrology to India is the Yavanajātaka which dates to the early centuries CE.〔 The ''Yavanajātaka'' ("Sayings of the Greeks") was translated from Greek to Sanskrit by Yavaneśvara during the 2nd century CE, under the patronage of the Western Satrap Saka king Rudradaman I, and is considered the first Indian astrological treatise in the Sanskrit language.〔Mc Evilley "The shape of ancient thought", p385 ("The Yavanajātaka is the earliest surviving Sanskrit text in horoscopy, and constitute the basis of all later Indian developments in horoscopy", himself quoting David Pingree "The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja" p5)〕 However the only version that survives is the later verse version of Sphujidhvaja which dates to AD 270.〔 The first Indian astronomical text to define the weekday was the Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa (born AD 476).〔 According to Michio Yano, Indian astronomers must have been occupied with the task of Indianizing and Sanskritizing Greek astronomy during the 300 or so years between the first ''Yavanajataka'' and the ''Āryabhaṭīya''.〔 The astronomical texts of these 300 years are lost.〔 The later ''Pañcasiddhāntikā'' of Varāhamihira summarizes the five known Indian astronomical schools of the sixth century.〔 It is interesting to note that Indian astronomy preserved some of the older pre-Ptolemaic elements of Greek astronomy.〔 The main texts upon which classical Indian astrology is based are early medieval compilations, notably the ', and ''Sārāvalī'' by . The ''Horāshastra'' is a composite work of 71 chapters, of which the first part (chapters 1–51) dates to the 7th to early 8th centuries and the second part (chapters 52–71) to the later 8th century. The ''Sārāvalī'' likewise dates to around 800 CE.〔David Pingree, ' (J. Gonda (Ed.) ''A History of Indian Literature'', Vol VI Fasc 4), p.81〕 English translations of these texts were published by N.N. Krishna Rau and V.B. Choudhari in 1963 and 1961, respectively. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hindu astrology」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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